540.76

PGS.TS. CAOCL/GlAC

B452D

Tai lieu danh cho:
Hoc sinh gioi va chuyen hoa hoc
• Sinh vien sa pham hoa hoc
Giao vien day boi dUSng hoc sinh gioi hoa hoc

V

1

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA H AN O I
11zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

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B6I Dciam HQC svfH (abi

Tai lieu danh cho:
Hoc sinh gioi va chuyen hoa hpc
Sinh vien sU pham hoa hpc
Giao vien day boi di/6ng hpc sinh gioi hoa hpc

.30!! .

i -

THi/

1 NHA
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jim

BhlH

JHvk^

JAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI

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Jji notzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
dAu
Chuxrnq 1:

T::Ty^L\ini-i mi v uvvn

M O T S OP H U O N G PHAP

gicvi t u n h i e n n h u t i m h i e u c a u t a o cac chat t h i f c f n g g a p t r o n g c u o c s o n g va d u

GIAI

BAI TAP H O A H O C 9

T r o n g q u a t r i n h d a y h o c cV T H C S da c 6 n h i e u e m h o c s i n h h o c 16 n a n g k h i e u
ve k h a n a n g t i i d u y va h o c t a p m o n hcSa hoc. C h a n g h a n , ccS e m t h i c h k h a m p h a t h e

js^nang vtet

1. P h i Td n g p h a p t i n h t h e o c d n g thuTc h o a h o c

• Ooi vdi hdp chat c6 hai nguyen to:

d o a n , g i a i t h i c h cac t i n h c h a t cua c h u n g . C u n g c o e m thi'ch l a m cac t h i n g h i e m n h o
de t u n h i e u va chiVng m i n h cac h i e n tUOng r o i n i t ra q u y l u a t . N h i e u e m c 6 t r i nhci
dac biet ve sU p h a n loai cac chat va t i n h chat ciia c h i i n g , t h e h i e n sU sang t a o va
t h o n g m i n h t r o n g each g i a i b a i t a p , . . . T u y n h i e n , cac e m m u o n p h a t t r i e n dUOc
k h a n a n g t U d u y ciia m i n h v e m o n h o a h o c t h i c a n p h a i duOc t r a n g b i m o t each c 6
he t h o n g t i f l y t h u y e t d e n k l n a n g g i a i b a i t a p va cac ufng d u n g thUc h a n h p h u h o p
v 6 i sU p h a t t r i e n n h a n thufc ciia lila t u o i h a o h i i n g va p h a n khcVi nay.
D e g i i i p giao v i e n , p h u h u y n h va h o c s i n h bac t r u n g h o c cO -id ccS t h e m t U l i e u
b o i dUc^ng h o c s i n h g i o i m o n h o a h o c , c h i i n g t o i b i e n soan b o sach " B o i ditofng

TacoCTTQ: A,By

'"^^

o/„m^ = — ^ . 1 0 0 %
y.M„
%m„=^-^.100%
M

^ % m , ^ xJVI,
% m „ y.M„
B y B

m , ^ xjyi^ ' m„ y.M„
B yB

• Doi vcfl hdp chat c6 nhieu nguyen to:
Ta CO (TTTQ: AxByCz
+ each 1: Thiet lap cong thiTc ddn gian nhat ((TTOGN)
x:y:z=^:^:^^CTDGN
M, M 3 M ,

h o c s i n h g i o i H o a h o c " t h e o cac n o i d u n g sau:
A . L i t h u y e t t r o n g tarn

A%

B. PhUcfng p h a p g i a i b a i t a p

Hay: x:y:z =

:

B% C%
:
M3 M ,
CTPT

(TTOGN

D . HUcVng d a n g i a i

M,
Di/a vao Mhdp chat

E. Bai t a p t U l u y e n ( t i i l u a n va t r i e n g h i e m ) .

+ each 2: Thiet lap cong thuTc phan tCf (CTPT)

H y v o n g vofi k e t cau va n o i d u n g ciia b o sach, p h a n n a o se l a m c h o d o c gia, dac

M,.x

C . B a i t a p ap d u n g

b i e t la cac e m h o c s i n h t i m t h a y nhufng d i e u b 6 i c h va n i e m say m e t r o n g viec h o c

M^.y
mg

M,.Z_MA,B,C, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^\B^C^

'

tap h o a h o c .

Hay: ^ ^ ^ J } o ± ^
A%
B%
0%

T r a n trong cam d n !
C a c tac gia

cTPT

'V^^
100

'

V i d u 1: Mot hdp chat cua kim loai R vdi oxi (kim loai R chu'a biet hoa tri).
Trong do oxi chiem 3 0 % ve khoi lu'cJng. Xac dinh ten kim loai R?

Nhd sach KJtajtg Vietxitt trdn tronggim thieu toi Quy doc gid vd xin lang
nghe moi y kim doug gop, de aion sach ngdy cdng hay horn, bo ich han. Thu
xin giti ve:
Cty T N H H Mot Thanh Vien - Dich V u Van Hoa Khang Viet

Hu' dng dan: Ooi vcfi dang nay chijng ta can xay di/ng phu'dng phap giai

cho hoc sinh theo cac bu'dc sau:
+ Oat cong thut tong quat (CTTQ) va suy ra hoa tri cua R

j,;,^ ^\

CFTQ: R 0 „zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPON
^ Hoa tri ciia R : ^^Z

71, D i n h T i e n H o a n g , P. D a k a o , Q u a n 1, T P . H C M
T e l : (08) 39115694 - 39111969 - 39111968 - 39105797 - F a x : (08) 39110880

+ Ap dung cong thCrc:°!^I!1KL=

Hoac Emaih khangvietbookstore@yahoo.com.vn

va hoa tri cua R.

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^

(jg' thiet lap bieu thtfc hien he giiJa MR

Bdi dudng hgc sink gidi Hda hgc 9 — Cao Cxi Gidc

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^. 70.y_
30.x 16

% m g. X

M„ =zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Ll^ do hoa tri cue R la
nen
TazyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
c6 :
"
3.x
/x
"

M 3

va hoa trj cua R.

56 2y
3 x

63.64.y^M,
36,36.x

+ Cuoi cung ta bien luan hoa trj

de xac djnh ten kim loai R

56 2y
=> M , = 2 • X
32

2y/
/ X

'\

1

2

3

4

28

56

84

112

(Li/u y: kim loai c6 hoa tri tif 1 den 4, phi kim hoa tri tif 1 den 7)
MR

MR

1

2

3

4

18,7

37,3
Loai

56

74,7

(Fe)

Loai

Loai

Vay nguyen to R la Fe.
2 . Phu' G^ng p h a p b a o t o a n k h o i l u ' d n g

- Nguyen tac cua phUdng phap. Tong khoi lu-dng cac chat tham gia phar
Ket luan: Kim loai c6 hoa tri I I I va M = 56 la Fe
ling bang tong khoi luWng cac chat tao thanh sau phan uTng.
V i dM 2: Mot oxit c6 chu^a 6 0 % oxi ve khoi lydng. Xac djnh cong thCrc Oxit tren. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
- Trong mot phan trtig hoa hoc c6 n chat (ke ca chat tham gia va chat tac
thanh),
neu biet khoi lu'dng cua (n - 1) chat thi van dung djnh luat bao toar
Hitaing dan:
khoi lu'dng.
+ Dat cong thiTc tong quat (CTTQ) va suy ra hoa trj cua nguyen to con iai
V i d u 1: Cho luong khf CO di qua m gam Fe304 sau phan u'ng thu du'dc 24,y
CTTQ: R^Oy ^ Hoa tri cua R :
gam chat ran, va 17,6 gam CO2. Tim m?
+ Ap dung cong thCrc:

% m 3 .x

=—

MB

va hoa tri cua R.
Ta c6:

4?^
=^
60.x 16

»/.
"

16 2y
3 x

M. = ^
3.x

Hitdng dan: Phan tich dC kien de bai, nhan thay khong the tinh t r u t tief
de thiet lap bieu thirc hien he giiJa M R zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
ngay vi so chat tham gia va chat tao thanh la bon nhuYig chi biet khoi lu'dng
.y
K
chat. Mat khac chu'a biet khoi lu'dng Fe304 da tham gia phan u'ng het hay cor
du" nen khong tinh theo kieu bai toan can bang mol binh thu'dng.

nen

do hoa tri cua R la

Do do ta di/a vao phu'dng trinh phan Crng de tim them du' kien cho bai toan
^ 3Fe0 + CO2

Fe304 + CO —

FeO+ CO

Cuoi cung ta bien luan hoa trj

de xac djnh ten nguyen to R

-> Fe + CO2

Qua phu'dng trinh nhan thay:
17,6

2y/
/ x

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

MR

5,3

10,6

16

21,3

26,7

32

37,3

Vay nguyen to R la lull huynh => CTPT Oxit: SO3
V I d u 3 : Mot hcJp chat gom Kim loai chu-a biet hoa trj vdi luU huynh (biet S c6
hoa tri II), trong do lu'u huynh chiem 36,36% ve khoi luWng. Xac dinh cong
thirc phan tCr hdp chat tren?
Hu-dngdan:

'

^

= 0,4mol
44
Khi du du' kien ta ap dung dung djnh luat bao toan khoi lu'dng:
"2

f^Fe ^o. =31,1gam
V i d u 2 : Cho luong khf CO du' di qua hon hdp X gom cac oxit:

Fe304, AI2O3,

MgO, ZnO, CuO nung nong, sau mot thdi gian thu du'dc ho hdp khf Y ve
23,6 gam chat ran Z. Cho Y Ipi qua binh difng dung djch nu'dc voi trong du",
thay CO 40 gam ket tua xuat hien. Xac dinh khoi lu'dng X.

.|
Hitdng

dan: n

CTTQ: R^Sy ^ Hoa trj cua R : ^v/

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CaCOg

40
.| QQ

= 0,4mol

Hi/ dng dan: Ta nhan thay khong the viet phu'dng trinh hoa hoc vi chu'a
COz + Ca(0H)2 ^ CaCOjzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
i + H2O (1) Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com
biet cong thiTc cu the axit ma chi biet cong thiTc chung cua axit RCOOH do do
0,4
<0,4
ta thIet lap sd do phan iTng :
..
, .

Sddo phan iTng : RCOOH + O2
X + CO, t°: AI2O3, MgO khong bi khu".
CuO + CO —

^

Fe304 + CO —
FeO + CO —

^
^

ZnO + CO

So mol O:

H2O

0,3.2

0,2.1

Ta CO no(RCOOH) + no(02 pu") = no(C02) + no(H20)

3FeO + CO2 (3)

no(02 pu')= 0,6mol - > n o ^ = 0 , 3 m o l

Fe + CO2 (4)

n,o

?

+

Di/a vao sd do tren ta ap dung nguyen tac BTNT cho nguyen to Oxi.

Cu + CO2 (2)

> V= 0,3.22,4= 6,72 lit

V i d u 2 : Cho 13,36g hon hdp gom Fe, FeO, FejOa va Fe304 phan iTng het vdi
dung dich HNO3 bang du', thu du'dc 1,344 lit khi NO (san pham duy nhat) d

Zn + CO2 (5)

(2) (3) (4) (5) ^

0,1.2

^ CO2

(dktc) va dung djch X. Co can dung dich X thu dUdc m gam muoi khan. Tim

=n,o^=0,4mol

gia tri m thu du'dc?
Theo dinh luat bao toan khoi li/dng: mx + mco = MrSnz + nn^^^
Hitdng

dan: Ta c6: n^,„ = 1^11

=> mx = mz + m(,Q^ - mco = 23,6 + 44.0,4 - 28.0,4 = 30 gam
V i d u 3 : Hoa tan het 7,74 gam hon hdp bot Mg, Al bang 500ml dung dich HCI
IM va H2SO4 0,28M thu du-dc dung dich X va 8,7361 lit H2 (dktc). Co can

^ 0,OSmol ^

22,4
Sd do phan iTng:
Fe, FeO, Fe203 va Fe304 + HNO3

Fe(N03)3 + NO + H2O

Gpi x la so mol Fe(N03)3
' ' dung dich X thu du'dc l^dng muoi khan la bao nhieu? zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Ap dung dinh luat bao toan nguyen to N, ta c6:
$

HWdngdan:

%HN03)

Taco:

n„ = M ^
= 0,39mol
H2
22,4
HHCI

Mac khac: m.^ + m^^^^ = m,^,^^^,^ + mNo + m^^^

=0,28.0,5 = 0,14mol

H2SO4

Ap dung OLBTKL: mhh+ mHci + m^^

=> 11,36 + (3x+0,06).63 = 242 + 0,06.30 + (l,5x + 0,03).18
= mmua + m^^

=^mmu6i = 7,74 + 0,5.3,05 + 0,14.0,8 - 0,39.2 = 38,93 gam.
3. P hu'dng p h a p b a o t o a n n g u y en t o

=^ X = 0,16 mol => m,^,^o^,^ = 0,16.242 = 38,72 g.
V i d u 3 : Hoa tan hoan toan hon hdp gom 0,14 mol FeS2 va a mol CU2S vao
axit HNO3 vLTa du, thu di/dc dung dich X (chi chu'a 2 muoi sunfat) va khi

Trong mot cac phu'dng trinh hoa hoc, cac nguyen to luon du'dc bao toan
->T6ng so mol cua mot nguyen to A tru'dc phan iTng hoa hoc luon bang tong

duy nhat NO. Tim so mol CU2S da tham gia phan iTng?
Hitdngdan:

so mol cua mot nguyen to A do sau phan lirig.
001 vdi dang bai tap nay cac em khong can viet phu'dng trinh (hdac c6
tru'dng hdp khong the viet phu'dng trinh, hoac phu'dng trinh phtfc tap) ma chi
lap sd do phan (fng giCa chat tham gia va san pham. Sau do thiet lap moi
quan he bao toan cho nguyen to c6 lien quan den du' lieu can tim va giai
V i d u 1: Dot chay hoan toan O,lmol axit Cacboxylic ddn chiTc, can vCra du V lit
02 (dktc) thu du'dc 0,3 mol CO2 va 0,2 mol H2O. Tinh gia tri cua V ?
6

(3X+0,06) mol

Di/a vao sd do ta thay: n^^^ = ^n^^Q_^ = -^(Sx + 0,06) = (1,5x + 0,03)mol

= 0,5.1 =0,5mol

n^,

= "N(Fe(N03)3 + ^NINO) =

Sd do phan iTng:

2Fe2S ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Fe2(S04)3
0,14mol
CU2S a mol

' •'•
^'^ '

0,7nriol
>

2CuS0'4
2a mol

Ap dung dinh luat bao toan nguyen to S, ta c6:
0,14.2 + a = 0,07.3 + 2a ^ a = 0,07 mol

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''^
;

4. Phu'dng phap tang — giam khoi lu'^ng

Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com
N2(C03) 3

- Nguyen tac cua phu'dng phap: Khi chuyen tCr chat nay sang chat khac thl

+

6HCI -> 2NCI3

(2N+180)g

+

3CO2 + 3H2O (2)

(2N+213)g

3mol

khoi lu'cJng tang hay giam mot lu'dngAm( h a y A V d o i vdi chat khi), d o cac chat

T u ' ( l ) va (2), ta thay:

khac nhau c 6 khoi lu'dng mol khac nhau (hay doi vdi chat khi: ti le mol khac

CiTtao ra 1 mol CO2 thi khoi lu'dng muoi sau phan Cmg tang l l g .

nhau). Di/a v a o su" tu'dng quan ti le thuan cua s i / tang - giam, tinh du'dc khoi

Vay de tao ra 0,03mol CO2 thi khoi lu'dng muoi sau tang 0,33g.
(hay the tich) chat tham gia hay tao thanh sau phanzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
(ing.
Vay khoi lu'dng muoi sau phan Cfng = 10 + 0,33 = 10,33g.
Bai toan giai du'dc theo phu'dng phap bao toan khoi lu'dng se a p dung du'dc
V i d u 2: Nhung m o t thanh sat nang 50g v a o 400ml dung dich
cho phu'dng phap nay. Nhu'ng vcfi phu'dng phap T G K L khong can biet het (n-1)
C u ' s 0 4 0,5M, sau phan uTig lay thanh sat ra lam kho can lai thi khoi lu'dng
dai lu'dng ta van giai du'dc neu biet du'dc SLT bien thien A m h a y A V .
la 51gam.
V I d u : Khi day ve tinh chat hoa hoc cua axit tac dung vdi muoi :
a) Tinh khoi lu'dng dong tao thanh bam tren thanh sat
Phu'dng trinh : C a C O j + 2HCI
CaCb + C O 2 + H 2 O
b) Tinh C M cac chat trong dung dich sau phan Cmg
lu'dng

Nhan thay cu" I m o l CaCOs tham gia thi tao ra I m o l muoi CaCb
Ve khoi lu'dng lOOgam

lllgam

dan: Phu'dng trinh hoa hoc

Fe

GUI' I m o l CaCOa phan uYig thi sau phan ling : A m = 1 1 1 - 1 0 0 = l l g a m
Neu X mol CaCOs phan iTng thi sau phan uCng : A m = agam

+

Imol

CUSO4
Imol

FeS04

+

Imol

Cu

' '

Imol

CLT I m o l sat (56g sat) phan ung se tao ra 1 mol dong (64g dong) tang 8g.

a1
=> X =

Hit dng

Vay X mol sat phan uTng se tao ra x mol dong tang 5 1 - 50 =1 g .
, dt/a v a o ti le nay khi biet a ta xac djnh du'dc x va ngu'dc lai.

Nang cao hdn muoi kirn loai chu'a biet hoa t n II hay hon hdp muoi kirn loai

X = ^ = 0,125mol -» npe = ncu = n^^so, = ^^^3^^ = 0,125mol

chu'a b i e t :
Phu'dng trinh : MCO3 +
Nhan thay

CLT

2HCI

M CI2 +

I m o l MCO3 tham gia thi tao ra I m o l muoi

Ve khoi lu'dng M + 6 0 g a m

->

Nong d o M cua dung dich FeS04 la: C „ = =

CO2 + H2O
M CI2

Nong d p M cua dung dich CUSO4 da phan tTng la: 0,3125M

M + 7 1 gam

^ C M CUSO4 c o n lai = 0,5 - 0,3125 = 0,1875M.

Cur I m o l MCO3 phan iTng thi sau phan uTig : A m = ( 7 1 - 6 0 ) g a m
Neu X mol MCO3 phan (fng thi sau phan Crng : Am =
X =

71-60

b gam

, difa v a o ti le nay khi biet b ta xac dinh du'dc x va ngu'dc lai

thien ve A m h a y A V thi c6 the ap dung theo phu'dng phap tang giam khoi lu'dng.
V I d u 1 : C h o l O g h o n h d p 2 m u o i c a c b o n a t k i m loai h o a t r i II v a I I I
t a c dung vdi axit HCI vu^ d u , thu du'dc dung djch A v a 672ml khi (dktc).
CO can dung djch A thu du'dc bao nhieu g a m muoi?
Hi/ dng dan: l O g a m hon hdp \

+

2HCI

dan : T a c 6 cong thCrc cua hai muoi la: XCI2 ( M = X + 71) va

X( N 0 3 )2 (M = X + 124).

Ta thay CLT I m o l muoi nitrat cua M c6 khoi lu'dng Idn hdn 1 mol muoi clorua
la: (X + 124) - (X + 71) = 53g.
T h e o gia thiet khoi lu'dng khac nhau la 7,95g. Vi goc N O " c 6 khoi lu'dng Idn
hdn goc CI" nen tCr gia thiet ta c6:
mX( N 0 3 )2 - mXCl2 = 7,95g.

MCO3

ddA

N 2 (C03) 3

672mlkhi

r i g muoi

Cac phu'dng trinh hoa hoc:

MCO3

la 7,95g. Hay tim cong thuTc cua hai muoi.
Hif dng

Doi vdi nhuTig loai bai tap khong c 6 it so lieu ma phu'dng trinh phdc tap c 6

(M+60)g

V i d u 3 : Khi lay 14,25g muoi clorua ciia mot khi loai X chi c6 hoa trj II v a mot
lu'dng muoi nitrat cua X vdi so mol nhu" nhau, thi thay khoi lu'dng khac nhau

the giai hoac khong giai du'dc thong qua he phu'dng trinh. Nhung ta thay c6 s i / bien

Hoi

= 0,3125mol

7 9 5

Vay so mol muoi cua kim loai X la: n = - r — . 1 = 0,15mol

.

Do

=> Khoi lu'dng mol cua muoi clorua cua X la:
->

M CI2

+

(M+71)g

CO2

Imol

+

H
H 2 0 (1)

M =^
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
-^ ^ = 9 5
X + 71 = 9 5
X = 2 4 -> X la M g .
0,15

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9

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Ax + B y = 5,4

5 . P h u ' d n g p h a p d u n g k h o i l u 'd n g m o l t r u n g b i n h ( M )

Sau d o lap he

X + y = n,,, ^ - 0,1

Nguyen tac cua phu'dng phap: M la khoi lu'dng cue 1 mol hon hdp.
n.|M, + n^Mj + njMg + ...
M

=

Va rdi vao be tac khong giai du'dc.

n, + n^ + ng + ...

- each giai theo trung binh:
Vi 2 kim loai cung nhom I nen cung hoa tri nen:

f V2M2 + V3M3 + ...

M hhkhi

Oat ky hieu chung ciia 2 kim loai la R.

v..

Phu'dng trinh phan iCng : 2 R + 2 H2O
Hoac : M = XiM] + X2M2 + X3M3 + ...
Vdi Ml, M2,

M3...:

0,2 mol

;\

0,1 mol

Gri'

khoi lu'dng mdl va ni, n2, n3...la so mol cac chat trong hon hdp.

Vi, V2, V3...; the ti'ch cac khi trong hon hdp khi.

0,2

Xi, X2, X3...: so phan mol ciia cac chat trong 1 mol hon hdp.

,

Do 2kim loai cung nhom I va thuoc 2 chu ky lien tiep nhau nen ta c6

Khi hdn hdp g S m 2 chat: Mi < M < M2.
-n^M^

2 ROH + H2 T

+(n-n^)Mg

MNa = 23 < 27 < MK = 39.

- _ 3 M ,+(V-V,)M,

n

Vay hai kim loai d o la Na, K.

V

V i d u 2 : Hon hdp X g o m hai muoi cacbonat cua hai kim loai nhom IIA thupc 2
chu ky ke tiep nhau trong bang tuan hoan. Hda tan 3,6 gam hon hdp X

M = XiMi + (1 -X2)M2.

bang dung dich HNO3zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
du, thu du'dc khi Y. Cho toan bp lu'dng khi Y hap thu

Co the ti'nh di/a vao M theo s d d d cheo:

het bdi dung dich Ba(0H)2 du' thu di/dc 7,88 g a m ket tua. Hay xac dinh
Ml

^

M - M2

ni, Vi, Xi.

cong thiTc cua hai muoi va tinh thanh phan % ve khoi lu'dng mSi muoi trong X.
HWdngdan:

'

Oat C r Chung cua 2 muoi cacbonat ciia hai kim loai hoa tri II la RCO3
Ml -

M - n2, V2, X2.

PTTHH : RCO3 + 2HNO3

Phu'dng phap nay t h a d n g ap dung giai bai toan hon hdp hai hay nhieu chat

R(N03)2 + H^O + CO^T

CO2 + Ba(OH)2 -> B a C O g + Hp

CO cung mpt ti'nh chat tu'dng du'dng nad d d . Sai lam nhat khi giai bai tap nay
hdc sinh thu'dng du'a v'e dang bai toan hdn hdp. Nhu'ng khi tien hanh giai

'^BaCOg

thu'dng rdi vao be tac la an so nhieu hdn so phu'dng trinh nen khong tim du'dc

'^'BaCOg

7,88
197

- 0.04mol ^ n,co^= n^^=

0,04mol

triet de cac an sd. Dan den mat thdi gian va chan nan trdng qua trinh giai bai
tap hda hoc.

MRCC, =

V I d u 1 : Hoa tan 5,4g hon hdp 2 kim b a i cung nhdm I 6 2 chu ky lien tiep

3 -

'

3,6

^ = ^ — = 9 0 ^ M R = 30
nRC03
"RCO3

0,04
0,04

nhau vad nu'dc thu du'dc thu du'dc 2,24 lit khi (dktc). Xac dinh ten 2 kim b a i . zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Vi 2 kim b a i hpa tri II lai thupc 2 chu ky ke tiep nhau trpng bang tuan hpan:
dan:
Ml < M < M2 r:> Ml < MR = 3 0 < M2
- Hdc sinh thu'dng sai lam nhu' sau:
Vay 2 kim b a i dp la Mg va Ca
* ''
Dat an so cho ten va s5 mol cho kim b a i can tim
CTHH cua 2 mupi: MgCOa va CaC03
':s
)
2 A + 2 H 2 0 - > 2 A O H + H2T
^'^'^^
Gpi a, b Tan lu'dt la so mol cua MgCOs va CaC03
* '
Hit dng

2 B + 2 H2O
y

10

2 BOH + H2 T
y

, 184a + 100b = 3,6
Ta co:
'
a + b = 0,04

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<
^

a = 0,025 mol

.

^

b - 0 , 0 1 5 mol
11

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o/

= !!Wo^ . 1 ooo/o rn^^

M9CO3
'

. 1 ooo/o = 58.33%
3,6

= 100% - 58,33% = 41,67%

=^ % " i c 3 C 0 3

Ta CO he phu'dng trinh:

^

x + —y + z = 0,5
[ 95x + 133,5y + 127z = 53,0

(1)
(2)

Vdi 3 an, c6 2 phu'dng trinh.
cacbonat axit cua mot kim loai hoa tri I, roi do them lu'dng dung dich HCI
Tim khoi lu'dng 3 kim loai tiTc la tong :
24x + 27y + 56z. .
vLTa du thi thu du'dc 0,672 I khi d dktc. Xac dinh ten kim loai tao muoi. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Tach (2) ta du'dc: 24x + 27y + 56z + 71(x + l,5y + z) = 53.
Ht/ dng dan: Oat kf hieu kim loai la M, x, y Ian lu'dt la so mol cua M2CO3 va
24x + 27y + 56z = 53,0 - 0,5 x 71 = 17,5 (g).
Vi du 2 : Cho 3,8 gam hon hdp A gom cac kim loai : Mg, Al, Zn, Cu tac dung
MHCO3. Ta CO phu'dng trinh phan Cfng :
hoan toan vcfi oxi du' thu du'dc hSn hdp chat ran B c6 khoi lu'dng la
M2CO3 + 2 HCI
2 MCI + H2O + CO2 T
5,24gam.
Tinh the tich dung djch HCI IM can dung (toi thieu) de hoa tan
X
X
hoan toan B.
MHCO3 + HCI ^ MCI + H2O + CO2 t

Vi dv 3 : Hoa tan vao niTdc 7,14g hon hdp muoi cacbonat trung hoa va

y

HWdng dan:

y

each 1: Dung phu'dng phap ghep an so

0 672
muoi = X + y =

nco2 =

=

0,03

(mol)

Goi a, b, c, d Ian lu'dt la so mol cua Mg, Al, Zn, Cu c6 trong hon hdp A.
2Mg + O2 ^ ^ 2 MgO

M muoi = —

0,03

o

89

<

= 238. Vi M + 6 1 <

M

< 177

r:>

M muon = 238 < 2M + 60

a

M la Cs.

(1)

a

4 A I + 3 O 2 — ^ 2 A l 2 0 3 (2)

6 . Phu' dng phap ghep an so

(

0,5a

,

b

0,75b

0,5b

!'

Nguyen tac cua phu'dng phap: Dung thu thuat toan hoc ghep an so de giai
2Zn + O2
2ZnO (3)
cac bai toan c6 an so Idn hdn so phu'dng trinh toan hoc lap du'dc ma yeu cau
c
0,5c
c
bai ra khong can giai chi tiet, day du cac an.
2 Cu + O2
2 CuO (4)
Dang nay thu'cJng gap khi tinh toan khoi lu'dng chung cua hon hdp cac chat
d
0,5d
d
(hon hdp kim bai, hon hdp muoi, ...) tru'dc hoac sau phanzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
(inq ma khong can
B gom (MgO, AI2O3, ZnO, CuO)
tinh chi'nh xac khoi lu'dng tiTng chat trong hon hdp.
MgO + 2HCI
MgCl2 + H2O (5)
Vi du 1: Chd hon hdp X gom Al, Fe, Mg tac dung v6i dung dich HCI du" thu
a
2a
dutJc 11,2 lit khi (dktc) va 53,0g muoi. Tim khoi luWng hon hdp X.
Hitdng dan: Gpi x, y, z Ian lutrt: la so mol cua Mg, Al, Fe c6 trong hon hdp )Q
AI2O3 + 6HCI ->2AICl3 + 3 H2O (6)
PTHH:
0,5b
3b
Mg + 2 HCI ^ MgCl2 + H2r

t,

x
' 2 Al + 6 H C I 2 AICI3 + 3H2T
X

y

X

y

i,5y

Fe + 2 HCI -> FeCb + H2t
z
».
z
z

'

ZnO + 2Ha -^ZnCl2 + H2O
c
2c

(7)

CuO + 2HCICUCI2 + H2O

(8)

d

2d

'

,,

Ap dung dinh luat bao toan khoi lu'dng ta c6: mp + m^^ = m,'Q
=> "^02 =

12

. '

- mp = 5,24 - 3,8 = l,44g

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1 44

Theo (1,2,3,4) :

- 0,5a + 0,75b + 0,5c + 0,5d = ^

- T h e o PTHH: n^^^^^ = n^^^ = 0,75 mol => m^^p^g = 0 , 7 5 . 1 0 0 = 75 g
= 0,045mol

- Nhu' vay con 5 g a m CaCOs khong bi phan huy. Do d o chat ran tao ra
n o m : CaCOj d i / , AI2O3, Fe203 va CaO.

Theo (5,6,7,8) : n^^,, = 2a + 3b + 2c + 2d = An^^ = 4 x 0,045 = 0,18nnol
=> \ ^ r , - - ^ = —

= 0,181 = 180mI

f v . . .

Cach 2: Sau khi t i m ra so mol O2.

' '

Nhan xet: Trong cac cap chat phan (fng la : 1 va 5 ; 2 va 6 ; 3 va 7 ; 4 va 8
thay so mol axit luon gap 4 Ian so mol O2.

.100%

%ALO, =

15,22%

67

'

% F e , 0 3 -- — . 1 0 0 % = 1 4 , 6 2 %
67
%CaC03 - ; ^ . 1 0 0 %
67

Do d o : So mol HCI = 4 x 0,045 = 0,18 mol.

;

7,4%

%CaO = 62,76%

Tim ra the ti'ch dung dich la 180ml.

V i d u 2 : Cho m g a m hon hpp Na va Fe tac dung het vdi axit HCI. Dung djch

7 . P h U d n g p h a p tu" c h o n l u 'd n g c h a t
Nguyen tac cua phu'dng phap: Phan tram lydng chat trong dung dich hoac

thu du'dc cho tac dung vdi Ba(0H)2 du' roi Idc lay ket tua tach ra, nung

trong hon hop nhat dinh la mot dai lu'dng khong d o i . Khi giai ngu'di giai tu'

trong khdng khi den lu'dng khong doi thu du'dc m g a m chat ran. Ti'nh %

chon lu'dng thi'ch hdp de giai bai toan

lu'dng moi kim loai ban d a u .

2.2.7.2.

Xay di/ng

va sir dung bai tap hoa hoc theo phWdng phap giai bai

Hi/dng

dan:

- PTHH xay ra khi cho m gam hon hdp Na va Fe tac dung vdi HCI:

tap til chon iWdng chat trong day hoc d trWdng THCS

2Na + 2HCI -> 2NaCI + H2

(1)

de bai chi cho lu'dng chat du'di dang tong quat hoac khong noi den lu'dng chat

Fe + 2HCI -> FeCb + H2

(2)

nhu'ng biet du'dc ti le giiJa cac chat

- PTHH xay ra khi cho dung dich t h u du'dc tac dung v6i Ba(0H)2 diT:

Cac e m thu'dng lung tung va khong xac dinh hu'dng giai khi gap dang nay vi

Khi gap dang nay cac e m c6 the chpn lu'dng chat c6 m o t gia tri nhat dinh
de tien viec giai. Co the chpn lu'dng chat la mpt mdl hay m p t so mol theo he so

FeCl2 + Ba(0H)2 -> Fe(0H)21 + BaCl2(3)
- PTHH xay ra khi nung ket tua trong khong khi:

ty lu'dng trong phu'dng trinh phan iTng; hoac lu'dng chat la lOOg,...
V i d u 1: Hon hdp g o m CaCOs Ian AI2O3 va Fe203 trong d o AI2O3 chiem 1 0 , 2 % ,
Fe203 chiem 9 , 8 % . Nung hon hdp nay 6 nhiet d p cad t h u du'dc chat ran c6

4Fe(OH)2 + O2

- - ^ 2Fe203 + 4H2O ( 4 )

- Gpi m = mpe + mNa = 100 gam

lu'dng bang 6 7 % lu'dng hon hdp ban dau. Ti'nh % lu'dng chat ran tao ra.
Hitdng

dan:

=^"^Fe203

- Gpi khoi lu'dng hon hdp ban dau la 100 g t h i : m^, ^

= 10,2g

2 3

-100gam=^n,^^o^

- T h e o P T H H ( 4 ) : n,^,„,,^ = 2.n,^^„^
- Theo PTHH ( 3 ) : n , ^ „ ^

m^co. - 8 0 g

- PTHH xay ra khi nung hon hdp: CaC03

_o,625mol
2.0,625 = 1,25 m o l

— > CaO + CO2T

hon hdp ban dau. Nhu vay d p giam khoi la do CO2 sinh ra bay d i .
33
- V a y m^Q^ = 1 0 0 - 6 7 = 3 3 g => n^^^ = — = 0 , 7 5 m o l

_
;

'

n,^^„,,^ = 1,25 m o l

- T h e o PTHH ( 2 ) : n^^ := n^^j,,^ = 1,25 m o l

m^^ = 1,25.56 = 7 0 g a m

-Vay:%Fe = 70%
% Na = 3 0 % .

- Thed bai ra, lu'dng chat ran thu du'dc sau khi nung chi bang 6 7 % lu'dng

14

1^

Vi d u 3:

Hon hdp g d m NaCI, KCI (hon hdp A) tan trong nu'6c thanh dung

dich. Them AgN03 du" vao dung dich nay thay tach ra m p t lu'dng ket tua
bang 2 2 9 , 6 % so vdi A. Tim % moi chat trong A.

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Do chu'a biet X la kim loai hay phi kirn nen ta bien luan hoa trj x tCri den 7

Hitdng dan:

- PTHH xay ra:
NaCI + AgNOa - > AgCI + NaNOa
KCI + AgN03 - > AgCI + KNO3

(1)
(2)

'

, : -nr

X

1

2

Mx

8

16

3
24

4
32

5
40

6
48

7
56

—>

vi d u 2 : Cho 3,06g oxit MxOy tac dung het vdi dung djch HNO3, khi c6 can

229 6
- GpizyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
rriA - lOOg
m^g^, = 229,6gam
n^g^i = 1 ^ = ^' ^

dung dich thay tao ra 5,22g muoi khan. Xac dinh kim loai M biet no chi c6
mot gia tri duy nhat.

- G o i PNaCI = X

HWdfngdan: MxOy + 2yHN03 ^
xM(N03)2y + yHzO
So mol AgCI sinh razyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
d phan uTng (1) la: x
So mol AgCI sinh ra d phan iTng (2) la: 1,6 - x
Bao toan nguyen to H: n „ „ = a ^ n^^^o, = 2a
=>n^ci='"'6-x

-Ta

c6 :

Bao toan khoi lu'dng: 3,06 + 63.2a = 5,22 + 18a

MNaci-nNaci + MKCI-DKCI = 100

=> 58,5x + 74,5(1,6 - x) =
Vay: nNaci = 1,2 mol

,r

/O =i> x = 1,2.

''

a = 0,02 mol - > n^^o, = 0^04 mol

m^^^,, = 1,2.58,5 = 70,2gam

J%NaCI-70,2%
^ |%KCI = 100% - 7 2 % = 29,8%

8. Phi/dng phap bien luan de tim cong thu' c phan tuT

5,22

Nguyen tac: Khi tim cong thu'c phan tCr hoac xac dinh ten nguyen to thu'dng
phai xac dinh chinh xac khoi lu'dng mol, nhu'ng nhiJng tru'dng hdp M chu'a c6
gia tri chfnh xac doi hoi phai bien luan.
Pham vi uYig dung: Bien luan theo hoa tri, theo lu'dng chat, theo gidi han,
theo phu'dng trinh v6 dinh hoac theo ket qua bai toan, theo kha nang phan uTng.
Khi giai dang nay cac em thu'dng lung tung va giai den g\ \ jta chi/ng thi diTng
lai vi luc do so an nhieu hdn so phu'dng trinh ma khong the ap dung cac
phu'dng phap khac nhu' ghep an so, hay phu'dng phap bao toan khoi lu'dng.
Luc nay cac em can tim each bien luan thfch hdp. Gia s(f mot phu'dng trinh c6
hai an so la khoi lu'dng mol (M) va hoa tri cua nguyen to. Ta c6 the bien luan
hoa tri cua nguyen to theo khoi lu'dng mol
VI d u 1: Dot chay I g ddn chat X can dung lu'dng vCfa du 0,7 (I) O2 (dktc). Xac
dinh X?
Ht/ dng dan: Goi x la hoa trj ciia X

n,HNO,

Bao toan nguyen to N: nMuoi = — ^
x
Mmuoi =

(n: hoa tri M)

n

.n = 130,5n ^ M = 130,5n - 62n = 68,5n

'HNOQ

Bien luan M theo hoa tri n ta c6: •
n

1

2

3

4

M

68,5

137

205,5

274

Vay kim loai M la Ba.
Vi dy 3 : Hoa tan 4,0g hon hdp gom Fe va mot kim loai hoa trj I I vao dung

dich HCI thi thu du'dc 2,24 lit H2 (dktc). Neu chi dung 2,4g kim loai hoa tri I I
cho vao dung dich HCI thi dung khong het 500ml dung djch HCI I M . Xac
dinh kim loai hoa tri II?
Hitdng dan: n^^ = n^^ = 0,1 mol

A = -1^40^M<40
0,1

nHci = 0,5 mol

2X

+

|02 ^

0,7

0,7

5,6x

22,4
1

M , = ^ = 8x
6,5x
16

X2OX

M +

2HCI

0,25

< - 0,5

=

MCI2

+ H2

2.4
- = 0 , 2 5 - > M > 9,6
M
9,6 < M < 40 - > M la Mg.

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TH i ;

VI EW T/ MH 3i" Ni; THIjAfTj

17

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C A C LOAI HOP CHAT V O C O

Chim nql:

2 .2 . Tinfi ctiat hoa hoc ciia oxit axit
a) Tac dung vdi nude

Nhieu oxit axit + nUdc-> dung djch axit

A. U T H U ^ K T Tl^pNG TArr
I. OXITzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
.A ^ 1
•
1. Phan loai oxit
Di/a vao tinh chat hoa hoc, oxft di/dc chia lam bon loai:
1 .1 . Oxit baza

Vidu:

P205(r)+ 3H20(,)

^ 2H3P04(dd)

b) Tac dung vdi bazd

Oxit axit + dung djch bazd -> muoi + nu'dc
Vidu:

C02(k)

+ Ca(0H)2(dd)

-> CaCOsM + H20(i)

c) Tac dung vdi oxit bazd

- La oxit tac dung vdi dung dich axit tao thanh muoi va nu'dc, la oxit c6
bazd tu'dng tTng.
- Thu'dng cac oxit bazd la oxit cua kim loai vdi oxi (tru" Mn207...)
Vidu: MgO, K2O, AgzO . .

M9t so oxit axit + oxit bazd -> muoi
Vidu: S02(k) + BaO(r) ^ BaSOaco
3. Mot so oxit quan trong

1 .2 . Oxit axit

3 .1 . Canxi oxit (CaO)

,

- Ten thong thu'dng gpi: Vol song
Cong thCrc phan tu': CaO
axit tu'dng uTng
-PhantLrkhoi:
56dvC
- Thu'dng cac oxit axit la oxit cua phi kim vdi oxi (trCC N2O..)
- Thupc loai oxit:
Oxit bazd
Vi du: SO2, C I 2 O 7 , C O 2 . .
- La chat ran mau trang, nong chay d nhiet dp cao.
- Mot so oxit axit con du'dc goi la anhidrit axitzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
[nghfa la oxit axit tao ra llam mat nWdc axit ti/ cfng utig)
Tinh chat hoa hpc
- La oxit tac dung vdi dung djch bazd tao thanh muoi va nu'dc, la oxit c6

I

Vi du: SO2, P2O5, C O 2 . .

a) Tac dung vdi nude

1 .3 . OxitlWdng tin/ i

CaO tac dung vdi nu-dc tao ra chat ran mau trang ft tan trong nu'dc la Ca(0H)2

La oxit tac dung du'dc vdi dung djch axit va dung djch bazd tao thanh muoi
va nu'dc.
Vidu: ZnO, AlzOj.SnO, BeO. .

Vidu: CaO(r) + H20(i) -> Ca(0H)2(dd) + tda nhiet
{phanungtoivdi)
CaO CO tinh hut am, vi the no du'dc dung lam kho nhieu chat.

1 .4 . Oxit trung tinit

La oxit khong tac dung vdi axit, bazd, nUdc con gpi la oxit khong tao muoi.
Vidu: NO, CO, . .
2. Tinh chat hoa hpc cua oxit
2 .1 . Tinti ctiat lioa iigc ciia oxit Itazcf

I^Qt so oxit bazd + H2O -> dung djch bazd (Ar/e/n)
b)

CaO (r) + H20(i)

Tac dung

Vi du: CaO(r) + 2HCI(dd) -> CaCbfdd) + HzOo
CaO dung de khiT chua dat trong trong trpt.

''•..•^

c) Tac dung vdi oxit axit

Vi du: Oe vol song trong khong khi lau ngay thi bj von lai

•.

C02(k) + CaO(r) ->CaC03(r)

a) Tac dung vdi nWdc
VI du:

b) Tac dung vdi axit

Ca(0H)2(dd)

vdi dung dich

axit

Oxit bazd + axit -> muoi + nUdc
Vfdu:
CuO(r) + 2HCI(dd)
^ CuClz (dd) + HzOd)
c) Tac dung vdi oxit axit

Mpt so oxit bazd + oxit axit -> muoi
VMu:
CaO(r) + C02(k)
CaCOsw

Ung dung
Dung trong cong nghiep Iuyen kim, lam nguyen lieu cho cong nghiep hoa
hoc, khCr chua dat trong trpt, xCr ly nu'dc thai cong nghiep, sat trung, diet nam,
khCr dpc moi tru'dng. .
San xuat canxi oxit
'' '
3) Nguyen lieu
• '
"
Da voi, than da,cui, dau, khi...
'jt, •
b) Cac phan ung hoa hoc

Nung vol bang 16 thu cong hay 16 cong nghiep deu c6 2 phan LCng xay ra:

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2. Ph a n Idal

- Than chay tao khi CO2, phan iTng toa nhiet
C(r) + O2 (k)

- Can CLT vao dp manh cua axit, ngu'di ta c6 the chia axit thanh hai loai:

C02(k)

+ Axit manh: HCI, HNO3, H2SO4...

- Nhiet sinh ra phan huy da voi tao ra voi song
CaC03(r)

+ Axi...